In 1517, the German priest __________ began the Protestant Reformation by posting his Ninety-Five Theses, which accused the Catholic Church of worldliness and corruption. Martin Luther
Which European country dominated international commerce in the early seventeenth century? The Netherlands
Native American religious ceremonies: were related to the Native American belief that sacred spirits could be found in living and inanimate things.
New France was characterized by: more peaceful European-Indian relations than existed in New Spain
The Columbian Exchange was: the transatlantic flow of plants, animals, and germs that began after Christopher Columbus reached the New World.
According to Bartolomé de Las Casas: Spain had caused the deaths of millions of innocent people in the New World.
Why did European exploration of the New World proceed so rapidly after Columbus’s discoveries? Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press enabled the rapid dissemination of information
In their relations with Native Americans, the Dutch: concentrated more on economics than religious conversion.
The Spanish justified their claim to land in the New World through all of the following EXCEPT: defeating the English fleet in 1588.
How did Spain justify enslaving Native Americans? The Spanish believed that enslavement could liberate Native Americans from their backwardness and savagery and introduce them to Christian civilization.
Europeans tended to think which one of the following about Native Americans and their cultures? Native Americans failed to make use of the land, so it was acceptable for Europeans to take it and use it.
How did Native Americans conceive of property? Families might use a specific plot of land for a season.
Patroonship in New Netherland: meant that shareholders received large estates for transporting tenants for agricultural labor.
The first French explorations of the New World: were intended to locate the Northwest Passage.
The Black Legend described: Spain as a uniquely brutal colonizer.
In 1492, the Native American population: lived mostly in Central and South America
Adam Smith recorded in 1776 that the “two greatest and most important” events in the history of mankind were the: discovery of America and the Portuguese sea route around Africa to Asia.
Slavery in Africa: involved the enslavement of criminals, debtors, and war captives
Amerigo Vespucci: helped to correct Columbus’s theory that he had found a route to Asia.
How did the Dutch manifest their devotion to liberty? They supported tolerance in religious matters in their colony.