Organic compounds - carbon-based molecules
Hydrocarbons - contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
Functional group - the groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions. The carboxyl and hydroxyl group are functional groups.
Macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Polymers - large molecules made by stringing many smaller molecules called monomers. Macromolecules are polymers.
Dehydration - a chemical reaction that removes a molecule of water. Polymers are formed through dehydration.
Hydrolysis - cells break bonds by adding water to them.
CARBOHYDRATES:
Carbohydrates are suhars and polmers of sugars.
Monosaccharides - Simple sugars that cannot be broken down. (Glucose & Fructose)
Isomers - Same molecular formular but different structures.
Monosaccharides are the main fuel molecules for cellular work.
Disaccharide - constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (lactose is made from glucose and galactose) (maltose (two glucose monomers)used for making beer, malt whiskey and liquor, malted milk shakes, and malted milk ball candy) (sucrose made from glucose and fructose)
Polysaccharides - long chains of sugars (starches, glycogen, and cellulose)
Starch - long chains of glucose monomers
Glycogen - excess sugars
Cellulose - most abundant organic compound
Almost all carbohydrates are hydrophilic, love water.
LIPIDS: water-fearing
Fats
triglyceride
unsaturated
saturated
trans fats
Steroids
Cholesterol
Testosterone
Proteins
Structural
Storage
Contractile
Transport
Enzymes
Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA
In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy? starch
"Saturated" fats _________. contain only single bonds in their fatty acid tails
What is the main sugar used by cells for energy? glucose
What is the process by which cells link monomers together to form polymers? dehydration synthesis
A specific stretch of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a _____. gene
Some fats are called "saturated" fats because __________. all carbons in the carbon skeleton contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____. cellulose
To what does the term "polypeptide" specifically refer? a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis
Which of the following pairs of molecules share the same chemical composition but differ in molecular structure? glucose and fructose
Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cattle get enough nutrients from eating grass? Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.
As a result of experimentation on lactose-intolerant individuals, scientists found that __________. a small change in a DNA nucleotide sequence can have a major effect on the production of lactase
Sugars are mainly used by our bodies _____. as fuel
What do nucleic acids and proteins have in common? They are large polymers.
The building blocks of proteins are called _____. amino acids
A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids bonded together by __________. peptide bonds
All organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen. What parts of an organic molecule may contain oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus? funtional groups
A nucleotide is made of which of the following chemical components? a nitrogen-containing base, a phosphate group, and a sugar
The building blocks of proteins are called _____. amino acids
An important characteristic of the double-stranded DNA molecule is that __________. hydrogen bonding between base pairs is responsible for formation of a double helix
One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____. they are disaccharides
In the following reaction, galactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water monomer
What name is given to the following reaction? galactose + glucose → lactose + water dehydration reaction
DNA nucleotides include ______. thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine
Carbohydrates typically include ______. C, H, and O atoms
The following molecule is best described as a ______. CH3CH2CH2CH2 hydrocarbon
How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.
A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ______ covalent bond(s). 4
What name is given to the following reaction? sucrose + water → glucose + fructose hydrolysis
Amino acids include a side group as well as ______. a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group
Which of the following is true with regard to a DNA molecule? The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.