Chapter 1 Notes
Biology is the study of life.
THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE:
Order - all living things exhibit complex but ordered organization
Regulation - an organism can regulate its internal environment
Growth & Development - DNA controls the growth and development of organisms
Energy processing - organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities
Response to the environment - organisms respond to environmental stimuli
Reproduction - Organisms reproduce their own kind
Evolution - Organisms have the capacity to change over time
ENVIRONMENTS FROM LARGEST TO SMALLEST:
Biosphere - includes all life and all the places where life exists
Ecosystems - all living organisms in an area and all nonliving components that life interacts with
Communities - All organisms in an ecosystem are called a community
Population - All organisms in a community that are of the same species are a poplulation
Organisms - A single living thing
Organ systems and organs - Organ systems and organs make up an organism
Tissues - Make organs
Cells - Make tissues & are the smallest unit that display all characteristics of life
Organelles - functional componenets of cells
Molecules & Atoms - chemical level of the hierarchy
Within an ecosystem nutrients are recycled, whereas energy flows through.
FLOW OF ENERGY & NUTRIENTS:
Energy comes from the sun. ---> Producers (plants) absorb energy. ---> Consumer (animals) eat the producers. ---> Decomposers (in the soil) break down waste. ---> Nutrients go back into the pants & energy flows out in the form of heat.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and other organelles & are found only in the domains of Bacteria & Archaea.
Eukaryotic cells has a membrane-enclosed nucleus & other membrane-enclosed organelles. They are found in all organisms except Bacteria and Archaea.
Genes are units of inheritance. (DNA & RNA)
The 4 chemical building blocks of DNA are abbreviated A, G, C, & T. A & T link together while G & C link together.
3 DOMAINS OF LIFE:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
4 EUKARYA KINGDOMS:
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protists
Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution basically states that organisms evolve and adapt traits to better suit the environment that they inhabit.
Natural selection - The more favorable traits are passed onto offspring.
Chapter 1 HW
What is the basis of natural selection? unequal reproductive success
In his book The Origin of Species, Darwin argued that species living today descended from a succession of ancestral species. What mechanism did Darwin propose to explain how evolution occurs? natural selection
In science, theories _____. can tie together a large number of observations that previously seemed unrelated
Which of these is a type of prokaryotic cell? a bacterial cell
Darwin called a mechanism for descent with modification ______. natural selection
What name is given to a proposed explanation for a set of observations? hypothesis
What is the fundamental unit of life? cell
Trans fat can best be described as a __________. non-natural form of fat produced through manufacturing processes
Which of the following best describes the culture of science and how scientists work? Scientists commonly repeat other scientists' experiments to verify their work.
Based on diversity, life is divided into Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. These groupings are called _____. domains
Introduction of new technologies often has unintended consequences. For example, _______. new technologies have led to devastating environmental consequences
Which of the following best describes a theory? a comprehensive explanation of natural phenomena supported by abundant evidence
Which of these is an ecosystem? Lake Erie
The life-supporting region of Earth is the _____. biosphere
Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels? population
Which of these scenarios is the result of natural selection? the proliferation of pesticide-resistant insects
Which of these is a key feature of the scientific method? Scientific hypotheses must be testable.
Ch. 1 Quiz
How does taxonomy assist biologists? by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller numbers of groups
What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? organelles
Which of the following is a producer? oak tree
You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a hypothesis? My car's battery is dead.
Which kingdom of Eukarya consists primarily of unicellular organisms? Protista
The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type.
Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question.
"Male collared lizards show considerable color variation." This is a(n) ______. observation
The collared lizard is a species found in the Desert Southwest. Male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. Your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. Your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. You predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. To test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. You selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. You placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. Out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. In 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type.
Create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. On the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. Using this graph, answer the following question.
Which of the following is the hypothesis of this case study? A function of male coloration is to attract females.
Taxonomy is the ______. naming and classifying of species
Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria because ______. the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance
What does adaptation mean in a biological context? the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time
